Resumo
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of breed group, slaughter weight, and sex on the muscle fiber area, collagen percentage, and fatty acid profile of goat kid meat. A total of 74 animals (Alpine; ½ Boer + ½ Alpine; ½ Nubian + ½ Alpine; ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine; and three-cross [¼ Boer + ¼ Alpine + ¼ Nubian]) were used. One animal was selected per slaughter weight, sex, and breed group to evaluate the fatty acid profile. One-third of the animals was slaughtered upon reaching 25, 30, and 35 kg. The experimental design was completely randomized and Tukey’s test was used to compare the means. There was no difference for muscle fiber area or collagen percentage between the tested parameters, indicating similar texture of the meat from the evaluated animals. Sex influenced the C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, and omega-3 fatty acids, whereas breed group influenced the levels of C18:2n6c, C20:0, C24:1, and CLA cis. Slaughter weight did not affect the fatty acid profile, but the sex × slaughter weight interaction influenced the levels of C18:0, unsaturated fatty acids, and the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio. Male and heavier animals produce the best meat in terms of nutrition.
Key Words: breed, Capra hircus, fat, muscle, quality, tenderness
Referências
- Argüello, A.; Castro, N.; Capote, J. and Solomon, M. 2005. Effects of diet and liveweight at slaughter on kid meat quality. Meat Science, v. 70, n.1, p. 173-179, 2005. (https://doi.org./ 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.12.009)
- Arima, H. K. 2006. Maturação de carnes. In: CASTILLO, C. C. et al. Qualidade da carne. São Paulo: Varela, 2006. p. 153-172.
- Baldwin, R. L. and Allison, M. J. 1983. Rumen metabolism. Journal of Animal Science, v. 57, n.2, p. 462-477, 1983.
- Bailey, A. J. 1985. The role of collagen in the development of muscle and its relationship to eating quality. Journal of Animal Science, v. 60, n. 6, p. 1580-1587, 1985.
- Banskalieva, V.; Sahlu, T. and Goetsch, A. L. 2000. Fatty acid composition of goat muscles and fat depots: a review. Small Ruminant Research, v. 37, n.3, p. 255-268, 2000. (https://doi 10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00128-0)
- Bhasin, S.; Taylor, W. E.; Singh, R. and Artaza, J. 2003. The mechanisms of androgen effects on body composition: mesenchymal pluripotent cell as the target of androgen action. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, v. 58, n. 12, p. 1103-1110, 2003.
- Crouse, J. D.; Koohmaraie, M.; Seideman, S. D. 1991. The relationship of muscle fiber size to tenderness of beef. Meat Science, v. 30, n.4, p. 295–302, 1991.
- Department of Health and Social Security. 1984. Diet and cardiovascular disease. London: HMSO, 1984. Report on Health and Social Subjects, n. 28.
- Department Of Health And Social Security. 1994. Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease. London: HMSO, 1994. Report on Health and Social Subjects, n.46.
- Dhanda, J. S.; Taylor, D. G. and Murray, P. J. 2003. Carcass composition and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue of male goats: effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter. Small Ruminant Research, v. 50, n. 1-2, p. 67-74, 2003.
- Dias, F. B. 2009. Desempenho, características das fibras musculares e das carcaças de cordeiros ½ Dorper Santa Inês abatidos com diferentes pesos. Maringá: UEM, 2009. 65 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) – Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 2009.
- FAOSTAT 2017, Roma, 2017. Disponível em: < http://faosatat.fao.org>. Acesso em: 02/03/2021.
- Flores, J. and Bermell, S. 1988. Colágeno: características y propriedades de intrés para a indústria carniça. Revista Agroquímica Tecnologia Alimentos, v. 28, n. 4, p. 463-472, 1988.
- Folch, J.; Lee, M. and Sloane Stanley, G. H. 1957. A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. Journal Biological Chemestry, v. 226, n.1, p. 497-509, 1957.
- French, P. Stanton, P.; Lawless, F. and O´Riordan, E. 2000. Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrated-based diets. Journal of Animal Science, v. 78, n. 11, p. 2849-2855, 2000. (https://doi.org.10.2527/2000.78112849x.)
- Gonzalez, F. A. N.; Owen, J. E. and Cereceres, M. T. A. 1983. Studies on the Criollo Goat of Northern Mexico: Part 2 – Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Musculature. Meat Science, v.9, n.4, p. 305-314, 1983.
- Grande, P. A.; Alcalde, C. R.; Lima, L. S.; Ayer, I. M.; Macedo, F. A. F. and Matsushita M. 2009. Características quantitativas da carcaça e qualitativas do músculo Longissimus dorsi de cabritos ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen confinados recebendo rações contendo grãos de oleaginosas. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 38, n.6, p. 1104-1113, 2009. (https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000600019)
- Hartman, L. and Lago, B. C. A. 1973. Rapid preparation of fatty, methyl esters from lipids. Laboratory Practical, v.22, n.6, p. 457-477, 1973.
- Hashimoto, J. H.; Alcalde, C. R.; Silva, K. T.; Macedo, F. A. F.; Mexia, A. A.; Santello, G. A.; Martins, E. N. and Matsushita, M. 2007. Características de carcaça e da carne de caprinos Boer x Saanen confinados recebendo rações com casca do grão de soja em substituição ao milho. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 1, p. 165-173, 2007. (https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982007000100020)
- Johnson, D. D.; Eastridge, J. S.; Neubauer, D. R. and McGowan, C. H. 1995. Effect of sex class in nutrient content of meat from young goat. Journal of Animal Science, v. 73, n.1, p. 296-301, 1995. (https://doi.org. 10.2527/1995.731296x)
- Lillie, R. D. 1954. Histopathologc technic and practical histochemistry. 2. ed. New York: Blakiston, 1954.
- Madruga, M. S.; Galvão, M. S.; Costa, R. G.; Beltrão, S. E. S.; Santos, N. M.; Carvalho, F. M. and Viaro, V. D. 2008. Perfil aromático e qualidade química da carne de caprinos Saanen alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 37, n.5, p. 936-943, 2008. (http://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008000500023)
- Mahgoub, O.; Khan, A. J.; Al-Maqbaly, R. S.; Al-Sabahi, J. N.; Annamalai, K. and Al-Sakri, N. M. 2002. Fatty acid composition of muscle and fat tissues of Omani Jebel Akhdar goats of different sexes and weights. Meat Science, v.61, n.4, p. 381-387, 2002.
- Mancini-Filho, J. Implicações nutricionais dos ácidos graxos trans. In: SEMINÁRIO DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ÓLEOS E GORDURAS. São Paulo: ITAL, 1996. 12 p.
- MENDOZA, M. G.; MORENO, L. A.; HUERTALEIDENZ, N. et al. 2005. Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in Longissimus dorsi muscle of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and zebu-type raised under savannah conditions. Meat Science, v.69, n.1, p.93-100, 2005.
- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Nutrient requirements of goats. Washington, DC, 1981. 91p.
- Oda, S. H. I.; Bressan, M. C.; Cardoso, M. G.; Freitas, R. T. F.; Miguel, G. Z.; Faria, P. B.; Vieira, J. O.; Pisa A. C. C. And Savian T. V. 2004. Efeitos dos métodos de abate e sexo na composição centesimal, perfil de ácidos graxos e colesterol da carne de capivaras. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentação, v. 24, n. 2, p. 236-242, 2004. (https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612004000200013)
- Owen, J. E.; Arias Cereceres, M. T.; Garcia Macias, J. A. and Nunes Gonzalez, S. A. 1983. Studies on the Criollo Goat of Nothern Mexico: Part 1- The effects of Body Weight on Body Components and Carcass Development. Meat Science, v. 9, n.3, p. 191-204, 1983. (http://doi.org. 10.1016/0309-1740(83)90003-7)
- Rehfeldt, C.; Fieldler, I.; Dietl, G. and Ender, K. 2000. Myogenesis and postnatal skeletal muscle cell growth as influenced by selection. Livestock Production Science, v. 66, n.2, p. 177-188, 2000. (http://orcid.org. 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00225-6)
- Rhee, K. S.; Waldron, D. F.; Ziprin, K. C. and Rhee, K. C. 2000. Fatty acid composition of goat diets vs intramuscular fat. Meat Science, v. 54, n.4, p. 313-318, 2000. (http://doi.org. 10.1016/s0309-1740(99)00094-7)
- Rose, D. P. and Connoly, J. M. 1999. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, New York, v. 83, n.3, p. 217-244, 1999.
- Universidade Federal De Viçosa – UFV. Sistema de análises estatísticas e genéticas – SAEG. Versão 8.0. Viçosa, MG, 2000. 142p.
- Sainz, D. and Araújo, F. R. C. 2001. Tipificação de carcaças de bovinos e suínos, 1º Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Carnes. In: Carne: Qualidade e Segurança para os consumidores do Novo Milênio, p.26, 2001.
- Santello, G. A.; Macedo, F. A. F.; Macedo, R. M. G.; Martins, E. N.; Lourenço, F. J. and Dias, F. J. 2010. Características das fibras musculares de cordeiros nascidos de ovelhas recebendo suplementação protéica no terço inicial da gestação. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 39, n. 10, p. 2288-2296, 2010. (https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001000027)
- Santos Filho, J. M.; Morais, S. M.; Beserra, F. J. and Zapata, J. F. F. 2001. Lipídios em carnes de animais utilizados para consumo humano: uma revisão. Ciência Animal, v. 11, n.2, p. 87-100, 2001.
- Silva, M. D. P. and Carvalho, R. B. 2007. Mecanismos celulares e moleculares que controlam o desenvolvimento e o crescimento muscular. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, MG, v. 36, p. 21-231, 2007. Suplemento especial.
- Teitelbaum, J. E. and WALKER, W. A. 2001. Review: The role of omega 3 fatty acids in intestinal inflammation. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, New York, v.12, n.1, p. 21-32, 2001.
- Werdi Pratiwi, N. M.; Murray, P. J. and Taylor, D. G. 2007. Feral goats in Australia: A study on the meat quality and nutritive value of their meat. Meat Science, v. 75, n.1, p. 168-177, 2007.
- Yamaguchi, A.; Horio, Y.; Sakuma, K. and Katsuta, S. 1993. The effect of nutrition on the size and proportion of muscle fiber types during growth. Journal of Anatomy, v. 182, n.1, p. 29-36, 1993.
- Young, V. M.; Toborek, M.; Yang, F.; Mcclain, C. J. and Henning, B. 1998. Effect of linoleic acid on endothelial cell inflammatory mediators. Metabolism, v. 47, n.5, p. 566-572, 1998. (10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90241-4)