ADHD: Causes and alternative types of intervention

Autores

  • Aikaterini Doulou N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Greece
  • Athanasios Drigas N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Greece

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36560/15220221514

Palavras-chave:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Social/Emotional Development, Alternative Therapies, ADHD Causes, Metacognition

Resumo

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of ADHD in children and adolescents. Many learning and behavioral problems are associated with this disorder as a result of difficulties in cognitive and metacognitive functions. According to Drigas et al. (2021), only when individuals develop these functions can they be integrated in the social environment. Skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation and self-control through inner attention can help children develop alternative strategies to manage their cognitive deficits and adapt in many different environments. With the rapid development of science, several medical and psychological methods have been proposed for the treatment of ADHD, which have contributed significantly to the control of symptoms. In the present work, the causes of ADHD are investigated, as well as alternative forms of intervention that aim to improve the quality of life of these children.

Referências

Arnold, E. M., Elliot M., Sachs L., et al. (1997). Father involvement and self-reported parenting of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 337-342.

Barkley, R. A. (2003). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (p. 75–143). Guilford Press.

Barzegary, L. & Zamini, S. (2011). The effect of play therapy on children with ADHD. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 30, 2216-2218.

Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V. & Monuteau, M. C. (2000). Differential effect of environmental adversity by gender. Rutter’ s index of adversity in a group of boys and girls with and without ADHD. Am J. Psychiatry 159, 1556-1562.

Blazynski, N., Schneider-Momm, K., Overdick, L., et al. (under review). Oligoantigenic diet in children with ADHD. Front Psychiatry.

Bourdon, K.H., Goodman, R, Rae, D.S., et al. (2005). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 44:557–564.

Bratton, S., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A Meta-analytic review of the outcome research. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(4), 376-390.

Cairncross, M. & Miller, C.J., (2016). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies for ADHD: A meta-analytic review. J. Atten. Disord., 20, 1–17.

Cao, H., Yan, S., Gu, C., et al. (2018). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and their associations with sleep schedules and sleep-related problems among preschoolers in mainland China. BMC Pediatr., 18: 70.

Cerrillo-Urbina, A. J., García-Hermoso, A., Sánchez-López, M., Pardo-Guijarro, M.J., Santos-Gómez, J. L, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., (2015). The effects of physical exercise in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child Care Health, 41: 779–788.

Cerrillo-Urbina, A. J., García-Hermoso, A., Sánchez-López, M., Pardo-Guijarro, M.J., Santos-Gómez, J. L, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., (2015). The effects of physical exercise in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child Care Health, 41: 779–788.

Chang, Y. K., Liu, S., Yu, H. H. & Lee, Y.H., (2012). Effect of acute exercise on executive function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 225 –237.

Choi, J. W., Han, D. H., Kang, K. D., Jung, H. Y. & Renshaw, P. F. (2015). Aerobic exercise and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: brain research. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47, 33 –39.

Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011). A taxonomy of external and internal attention. Annual review of psychology, 62, 73-101.

Conners, C.K. & MHS, Staff. (2004). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-II 5th Version (CPT-II V.5). Technical Guide and Software Manual. Multi Health System: North Tonawanda, NY, USA.

Conners, C.K. (1997). Conners’ Rating Scales–Revised (Italian adaptation). Giunti, O.S., Ed. Organizzazioni Speciali: Firenze, Italy.

Dawson, D. A. & Persad, C. P., (2021). Targeting the Endocannabinoid System in the Treatment of ADHD. Genet Mol Med., 3(1): 1-7.

Drigas, A.S., Driga, M. A. (2019). ADHD in the Early Years: Pre-Natal and Early Causes and Alternative Ways of Dealing. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET). 15(13):95-102, 2019. DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v15i13.11203

Drigas, A.S., Mitsea, E. (2020). The 8 Pillars of Metacognition. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET). Vol.15, n.21, p.162-178. DOI: 10.3991/ijet.v15i21.14907

Drigas A. S., Mitsea E., Mantas P. (2021). Soft Skills & Metacognition as Inclusion Amplifiers in the 21st Century. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE). 17(4):121-132. DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v17i04.20567

• Drigas A. S. & Mitsea E. (2021). Metacognition, Stress – Relaxation Balance & Related Hormones. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering Science & IT (iJES), 9(1):4-15. DOI: 10.3991/ijes.v9i1.19623

• Drigas A. S. & Mitsea E. (2021). 8 Pillars X 8 Layers Model of Metacognition Educational Strategies, Exercises &Trainings. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 17(8):115-134. DOI: 10.3991/ijoe.v17i08.23563

• Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M. & Minder, C. (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test. BMJ,315:629–634.

Flook, L., Smalley, S.L., Kitil, M.J., Galla, B.M., Kaiser-Greenland, S., Locke, J. et al. (2010). Effects of mindful awareness practices on executive functions in elementary school children. J. Appl. Sch. Psychol., 26, 70–95.

Gard, T., Noggle, J.J., Park, C.L. et al. (2014). Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Front Hum Neurosci.,8:770.

Giuffrida, A., Parsons, L.H., Kerr, T.M., et al. (1999). Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in dorsal striatum. Nature Neuroscience, 2: 358.

Golden, C.J., Freshwater, S.M. (2002). The Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses. Stoelting: Chicago, IL, USA.

Grattan, M., & Eslinger, J. (1991). Frontal lobe damage in children and adults: A comparative review. Developmental neuropsychology, 7, 283-326.

Greco, L.A., Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (CAMM). Psychol. Assess., 23, 606–614.

Grizenko, Shayan, Polotskaia, Ter-Stepanian, Joober (2008). Relation of maternal stress during pregnancy to symptom severity and response to treatment in children with ADHD. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 33(1), 10-16.

Harrison, L. J. (2004). Sahaja yoga meditation as a family treatment programme for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 9: 479–497.

Hill, M.N., Campolongo, P., Yehuda R., et al. (2018). Integrating endocannabinoid signaling and cannabinoids into the biology and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuro psychopharmacology, 43: 80-102.

Hinshaw, S. P., Zupan, B. A., Simmel, C., Nigg, J. T. & Melnick S. (1997). Peer status in boys with and without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Predictions from overt and covert anti-social behavior, social isolation and authoritative parenting beliefs. Child Development, 68, 880-896.

Hoza, B., Martin, C.P., Pirog, A., Shoulberg, E.K. (2016). Using physical activity to manage ADHD symptoms: the state of the evidence. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 18: 113.

Jensen, P. S. & Kenny, D. T. (2004). The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Attention Disorders, 7, 205–216.

Kang, K. D., Choi, J. W., Kang, S. G. & Han, D. H. (2011). Sports therapy for attention, cognitions and sociality. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 953–959.

Kerig. P. Κ., Ludlow A. & Wenar, C. (2012). Developmental Psychopathology: From Infancy to Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Kring, A. M. & Johnson, S. L. (2019). Abnormal Psychology: The Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Lange, Κ. W., (2020). The need for alternative treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Movement and Nutrition in Health and Disease, 4: 1-9.

Mackune, A., Puatz, J., Lombard, J. (2003). Behavioural response to exercise in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. SA Sports Medicine, 15, 17 –21.

Malinowski, P. (2013). Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Neuroscience, 7 (8).

March, J.S., Parker, J. D. A., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.

McCann, D., Barrett, A., Cooper, A., Crumbler, D., Dalen, L., Grimshaw, K., et al. (2007). Food additives and hyperactive behavior in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in a community: a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial. Lancet, 370, 1560-1567.

McGoey, K.E., DuPaul, G.J., Haley, E., et al. (2007). Parent and teacher ratings of attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschool: the ADHD rating scale-IV preschool version. J Psychopathology Behav Assess., 29:269–276.

Milmberger, S., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., & Chen, L. (1996). Is maternal smoking, during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children? American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1138-1142.

Ng, Q.X., Ho, C.Y.X., Chan, H.W., Yong, B.Z.J., Yeo, W.S. (2017). Managing childhood and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with exercise: a systematic review. Complement Ther. Med., 34: 123–128.

Nikkelen, S.W., Valkenburg, P.M., Huizinga, M., Bushman, B.J. (2014). Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Dev. Psychol., 50: 2228–2241.

Panksepp, J. (2007). Can play diminish ADHD and facilitate the construction of the social brain? J. Acad. child Adolescent Psychiatry, 16: 20.

Peck, H.L., Kehle, T.J., Bray, M.A., et al. (2005). Yoga as an intervention for children with attention problems. Sch. Psychol. Rev. 34:415.

Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C. H., Fernhall, B., Thompson, K. M. & Valentini, T. A. (2009). The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 927–934.

Ray, D., Bratton, S., Rhine, T., Jones, L. (2008). The effectiveness of play therapy: Responding to the critics. International Journal of Play Therapy: 10, 85- 108.

Samantha, C. L., Cohen, Danielle, J., Harvey, Rebecca, H., Shields et al. (2018). Effects of Yoga on Attention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity in Preschool-Aged Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 39, No. 3, 200-209.

Santini, A., Cammarata, S.M., Capone, G., et al. (2018). Nutraceuticals: opening the debate for a regulatory framework. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 84: 659-672.

Santonastaso, O., Zaccari, V., Crescentini, C., Fabbro, F., Capurso, V., Vicari et al. (2020). Clinical Application of Mindfulness-Oriented Meditation: A Preliminary Study in Children with ADHD. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 6916.

Shier, A.C., Reichenbacher, T., Ghuman, H.S., et al. (2012). Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyper activity disorder in children and adolescents: clinical strategies. Journal of central nervous system disease, 5: 1-17.

Sieg, K. G., Gaffney, G. R., Preston, D. F. & Hellings, J. A. (1995). SPECT brain imaging abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 20, 55-60.

Τannock, R. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Advances in cognitive, neurobiological and genetic research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 65-100.

Tantillo, M., Kesick, C. M., Hynd, G. W. & Dishman, R. K. (2002). The effects of exercise on children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 203 –212.

Thalheimer, W, C. S. (2014) How to calculate effect sizes from published research: a simplified methodology. http://work-learning. com/effect_sizes.html (accessed 15 October 2014).

Thompson, G. O. B., Raab, G. M., Hepburn, W. S., Hunter, R., Fulton, M., & Laxen D. P. H. (1989). Blood-lead levels and children’s behavior: Results from the Edinburgh lead study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 515-528.

Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H. & Naglieri, J. A. (2008) Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 111–131.

Vaglenova, J., Birru, S., Pandiella, N. M., & Breese, C. R. (2004). An assessment of the long term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity, of prenatal nicotine exposure. Behavioral Brain Research, 150, 159-170.

Verret, C., Guay, M. C., Berthiaume, C., Gardiner, P. & Beliveau, L. (2012) A physical activity program improves behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD: an exploratory study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 71 –80.

Wigal, S. B., Emmerson, N., Gehricke, J. G. & Galassetti, P. (2013) Exercise: applications to childhood ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17, 279–290.

Ζametkin, A. J., Nordahl, T. E., Gross, M., King, A. C., Semple, W. E., Rumsey, J. et al. (1990). Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1361-1366.

Publicado

2022-01-31

Como Citar

Doulou, A., & Drigas, A. (2022). ADHD: Causes and alternative types of intervention. Scientific Electronic Archives, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.36560/15220221514

Edição

Seção

Educação/Ensino

Artigos mais lidos pelo mesmo(s) autor(es)